Franks Faced Threats On All Sides

The civil war between the sons of Louise the Pious, greatly weakened the Frankish civilizations at a time when barbarians and outsiders threatened to attack the kingdoms from almost every side.

Muslims from northern Africa, Slavs from the East, and nomads known as Magyars from Asia, all with their eyes on conquering and controlling the Franks. The biggest threat of all came in the form of the Vikings, from Scandinavia.